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1 primary chemical current source
первичный химический источник тока
Химический источник тока, предназначенный для разового непрерывного или прерывистого разряда.
[ ГОСТ 15596-82]EN
primary cell
cell which is not designed to be electrically recharged
[IEV number 482-01-02]FR
pile, f
élément qui n'est pas conçu pour être rechargé électriquement
[IEV number 482-01-02]Тематики
Классификация
>>>Синонимы
EN
DE
- Primärzelle, f
FR
- pile, f
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > primary chemical current source
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2 primary chemical current source
Телекоммуникации: первичный ХИТ, первичный химический источник токаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > primary chemical current source
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3 primary chemical current source
первичный химический источник тока, первичный ХИТEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > primary chemical current source
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4 source
1) источник3) исходный код5) поставщик•- acoustic source
- audio source
- auxiliary supply source
- battery supply source
- clutch-controlled data source
- coherent light source
- color-back source
- constant-current source
- data source
- dc source
- digital-data source
- discrete-message source
- driver source
- emergency source
- emission source
- equal-energy source
- external noise source
- feed source
- functional source
- group power source
- harmonic source
- horn-type source
- ideal source
- image source
- impulse source
- independent supply source
- information source
- infrared source
- intrinsic noise source
- ion source
- key source
- Lambertian optical source
- light source
- long-haul signal source
- low-power source
- LW optical emission source
- mains supply source
- man-made noise source
- message source
- natural noise source
- noise source
- nonregenerable supply source
- off-line supply source
- on-line supply source
- optical emission source
- picture source
- point source
- point-light source
- primary chemical current source
- primary light source
- primary supply source
- program source
- pulse controlled data source
- pumping source
- radio source
- real source
- reference source
- regenerable supply source
- remote supply source
- secondary chemical current source
- short-haul signal source
- single-channel source
- single-phase source
- sound source
- stabilized supply source
- standard optical source
- standard voltage source
- state controlled data source
- static secondary supply source
- SW optical emission source
- video sourceEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > source
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5 Daniell, John Frederick
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 12 March 1790 London, Englandd. 13 March 1845 London, England[br]English chemist, inventor of the Daniell primary electric cell.[br]With an early bias towards science, Daniell's interest in chemistry was formed when he joined a relative's sugar-refining business. He formed a lifelong friendship with W.T.Brande, Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, and together they revived the journal of the Royal Institution, to which Daniell submitted many of his early papers on chemical subjects. He made many contributions to the science of meteorology and in 1820 invented a hydrometer, which became widely used and gave precision to the measurement of atmospheric moisture. As one of the originators of the Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge, Daniell edited several of its early publications. His work on crystallization established his reputation as a chemist and in 1831 he was appointed the first Professor of Chemistry at King's College, London, where he was largely responsible for establishing its department of applied science. He was also involved in the Chemical Society of London and served as its Vice-President. At King's College he began the research into current electricity with which his name is particularly associated. His investigations into the zinc-copper cell revealed that the rapid decline in power was due to hydrogen gas being liberated at the positive electrode. Daniell's cell, invented in 1836, employed a zinc electrode in dilute sulphuric acid and a copper electrode in a solution of copper sulphate, the electrodes being separated by a porous membrane, typically an unglazed earthenware pot. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for his invention which avoided the "polarization" of the simple cell and provided a further source of current for electrical research and for commercial applications such as electroplating. Although the high internal resistance of the Daniell cell limited the current and the potential was only 1.1 volts, the voltage was so unchanging that it was used as a reference standard until the 1870s, when J. Lattimer Clark devised an even more stable cell.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1814. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1832, Copley Medal 1837, Royal Medal 1842.Bibliography1836, "On voltaic combinations", Phil. Transactions of the Royal Society 126:107–24, 125–9 (the first report of his experiments).Listings of his scientific papers can be found in Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1868, Vol. II, London: Royal Society.Further ReadingObituary, 1845, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 5:577–80.J.R.Partington, 1964, History of Chemistry, Vol. IV, London (describes the Daniell cell and his electrical researches).B.Bowers, 1982, History of Electric Light and Power, London.GWBiographical history of technology > Daniell, John Frederick
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6 Grove, Sir William Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 11 July 1811 Swansea, Walesd. 1 August 1896 London, England[br]Welsh chemist and physicist, inventor of the Grove electrochemical primary cell.[br]After education at Brasenose College, Oxford, Grove was called to the Bar in 1835. Instead of immediately practising, he became involved in electrical research, devising in 1839 the cell that bears his name. He became Professor of Experimental Philosophy at the London Institution from 1840 to 1845; it was during this period that he built up his high reputation among physicists. In 1846 he published On the Correlation of Physical Forces, which was based on a course of his lectures. He returned to the practice of law, becoming a judge in 1871, but retained his interest in scientific research during his sixteen-year occupancy of the Bench. He served as a member of the Council of the Royal Society in 1846 and 1847 and played a leading part in its reform. Contributing to the science of electrochemistry, he invented the Grove cell, which together with its modification by Bunsen became an important source of electrical energy during the middle of the nineteenth century, before mechanically driven generators became available. The Grove cell had a platinum electrode immersed in strong nitric acid, separated by a porous diaphragm from a zinc electrode in weak sulphuric acid. The hydrogen formed at the platinum electrode was immediately oxidized by the acid, turning it into water. This avoided the polarization which occurred in the early copper-zinc cells. It was a very powerful primary cell with a high voltage and a low internal resistance, but it produced objectionable fumes. Grove also invented his "gas battery", the earliest fuel cell, in which a current resulted from the chemical energy released from combining oxygen and hydrogen. This was developed by Rawcliffe and others, and found applications as a power source in manned spacecraft.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1872. FRS 1840. Fellow of the Chemistry Society 1841. Royal Society Royal Medal 1847.Bibliography1846, On the Correlation of Physical Forces, London; 1874, 6th edn, with reprints of many of Grove's papers (his only book, an early view on the conservation of energy).1839, "On a small voltaic battery of great energy", Philosophical Magazine 15:287–93 (his account of his cell).Further ReadingObituary, 1896, Electrician 37:483–4.K.R.Webb, 1961, "Sir William Robert Grove (1811–1896) and the origin of the fuel cell", Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry 85: 291–3 (for the present-day significance of Grove's experiments).C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York, pp. 559–61.GWBiographical history of technology > Grove, Sir William Robert
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7 point
1) точка2) остриё, острый конец || заострять4) положение; позиция; координата ( рабочего органа)5) указывать; ориентировать, наводить6) место; пункт11) ж.-д. стрелочный перевод; стрелка; остряк, перо ( стрелочного перевода)13) расшивать швы ( кладки)16) пишущий узел, пишущий элемент (ручки, карандаша)17) пищ. оценочный балл•point at infinity — бесконечно удалённая точка;to point off — отводить ( в сторону);to pass through a point — проходить через точку-
Abel flash point
-
acid dew point
-
actual point
-
acute round needle point
-
addressable point
-
adherent point
-
aerodrome check point
-
aerodrome reference point
-
agate arrestment point
-
aggregative transition point
-
agreed reporting point
-
aiming point
-
air supply breathing point
-
aircraft fire point
-
alternator pivot point
-
anchor point
-
anchorage point
-
aniline point
-
annealing point
-
antinodal point
-
aplantic points
-
arch work point
-
arithmetic point
-
array feed point
-
assumed point
-
attachment point
-
automatic point
-
azeotropic point
-
backoff point
-
backward stagnation point
-
balance point
-
base point
-
bend point
-
bending yield point
-
binary point
-
bleeding point
-
bleed point
-
blow point
-
blunt round needle point
-
boiling point
-
boundary point
-
branch point
-
breaker point
-
break-in point
-
breaking point
-
brittle point
-
bubble point
-
bucking point
-
bullet point
-
burble point
-
burn point
-
burning point
-
burnout point
-
burster point
-
cardinal points
-
casing point
-
central point
-
changeover point
-
characteristic point
-
check point
-
chemical-pinch point
-
chilling point
-
chisel point
-
clearing point
-
close spread collar point
-
closed flash point
-
cloud point
-
cold point
-
collinear points
-
collocation point
-
common depth point
-
compass points
-
concyclic points
-
condensation point
-
congelation point
-
consolute point
-
consumption point of current
-
contact point
-
contactor points
-
control point
-
control transfer point
-
corona point
-
correct point
-
coupler pivot point
-
coupling point
-
critical point
-
crossing point
-
crossover point
-
cryogen boiling point
-
Curie point
-
cuspidal point
-
cut point
-
cutoff point
-
cutting point
-
datum point
-
dead point
-
decimal point
-
defined point
-
delivery point
-
demixing point
-
dendritic point
-
depth reference point
-
destination point
-
destruction point
-
detonation point
-
dew point
-
dial indicator contact point
-
diamond grinding point
-
diamond point
-
directional kickoff point
-
discharge point
-
dispatching point
-
dispersion point
-
distinct curve collar point
-
distinct points
-
distinguished point
-
distribution point
-
double point
-
drain point
-
draw point
-
drawoff point
-
driving point
-
dropping point
-
dry point
-
dryout point
-
early warning point
-
edit point
-
edit-in point
-
edit-out point
-
elevation point
-
elliptic point
-
emission point
-
end point
-
energy breakeven point
-
entry point
-
entry-exit points
-
equal time point
-
equilibrium point
-
eutectic point
-
exclamation point
-
exhaustion end point
-
exit point
-
exterior point
-
extraction point
-
face point
-
fashioning point
-
fatigue point
-
feeding point
-
fiber saturation point
-
fiducial point
-
filling point
-
filling-in point
-
film entry point
-
film leaving point
-
final approach point
-
final boiling point
-
fine point
-
fire point
-
firing point
-
fixed point
-
flame break point
-
flare point
-
flash point
-
flexion point
-
flight reference point
-
flight way point
-
floating point
-
floc point
-
flooding point
-
flow point
-
flywheel dead point
-
focal point
-
forced open point
-
forward stagnation point
-
fouling point
-
freeze point
-
freezing point
-
French point
-
frontier point
-
frost point
-
fuel injection point
-
fuel servicing point
-
full point
-
fusing point
-
gage point
-
gaging point
-
gas hydrate formation point
-
gas point
-
geodetic point
-
glazier's point
-
gloss point
-
grasp point
-
grid point
-
grouped service points
-
half point
-
hammer point
-
hard points
-
heat point
-
heavy ball needle point
-
heavy rounded set needle point
-
heavy set needle point
-
holding point
-
hopper work point
-
horizontal control point
-
ice point
-
ignition point
-
image point
-
impact point
-
incongruent melting point
-
index point
-
infeed changeover point
-
initial point
-
injection point
-
insertion point
-
integral point
-
intended landing point
-
intercardinal point
-
interception point
-
intercept point
-
interior point
-
interlocked point
-
isoelectric point
-
jacking point
-
junction point
-
knee point
-
laminar separation point
-
landfall point of the storm
-
last departure point
-
lattice point
-
leaving point
-
leveling point
-
level point
-
lifter point
-
lifting point
-
lift-off point
-
light ball needle point
-
light rounded set needle point
-
light set needle point
-
limiting point
-
limit point
-
linking point
-
load point
-
loading point
-
load-unload point
-
long collar point
-
lower yield point
-
lubrication point
-
machine home point
-
macroyield point
-
maker point
-
matching point
-
matrix point
-
maximum power point
-
measurement point
-
measure point
-
medium ball needle point
-
melting point
-
mesh point
-
mid-boiling point
-
mixed melting point
-
movable point
-
multiple point
-
needle point
-
neutral point
-
nodal point
-
node point
-
noise measurement point
-
normal round needle point
-
observation point
-
open point
-
operation point
-
optimum point
-
panel point
-
paper point
-
paraffin crystallization point
-
peak point
-
pelerine point
-
pen point
-
pickup point
-
piercing point
-
pile stoppage point
-
pinch point
-
pinning point
-
pitch point
-
pivotal point
-
pivot point
-
plait point
-
plow point
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point of absolute zero
-
point of arrival
-
point of contraflexure
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point of curve
-
point of departure
-
point of discontinuity
-
point of distance
-
point of engagement
-
point of fault
-
point of force application
-
point of graph
-
point of hook
-
point of increase
-
point of inflection
-
point of intersection
-
point of load application
-
point of looper
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point of maximum
-
point of minimum
-
point of no return
-
point of occlusion
-
point of sight
-
point of support
-
point of tangency
-
point of tree
-
porous point
-
pour point
-
power point
-
precision point
-
preroll point
-
primary calibration point
-
principal point
-
probe point
-
projected peak point
-
pullout point
-
quadrantal point
-
quarter-span point
-
quarter point
-
quiescent operating point
-
radix point
-
reaction point
-
receiving point
-
reentry point
-
reference point
-
reflection depth point
-
refraction depth point
-
regional heat point
-
reporting point
-
rerun point
-
ripper point
-
rounded set needle point
-
saddle point
-
salient point
-
saturation point
-
sectioning point
-
set needle point
-
set point
-
setting point
-
shot point
-
sighting point
-
singing point
-
single defect point
-
single point
-
singular point
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sintering point
-
slinging point
-
smoke point
-
softening point
-
solder termination point
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solidification point
-
source point
-
special ball needle point
-
spring point
-
square collar point
-
stable point
-
stadia point
-
stagnation point
-
star point
-
stationary breaker point
-
stitch transfer point
-
stuck point
-
subsatellite point
-
support point
-
surveying point
-
survey point
-
switch point
-
switching point
-
takeoff point
-
tangent point
-
tapping point
-
terminal point
-
termination point
-
test point
-
thaw point
-
thermal critical point
-
thermodynamic point
-
third point
-
threshold point
-
tie point
-
toll point
-
tool point
-
touch point
-
touchdown point
-
towing point
-
tow point
-
trailing point
-
transfer initiation point
-
transfer point
-
transformation point
-
transit point
-
transition point
-
trap point
-
triangulation point
-
triple point
-
tripping point
-
true molal boiling point
-
turning point
-
umbilical point
-
unload point
-
unloading point
-
upper yield point
-
valley point
-
vanishing point
-
vertical control point
-
visible point
-
vitrifying point
-
volumetric boiling point
-
water supply point
-
wax dropout point
-
weight boiling point
-
weight-drop point
-
well point
-
wiring point
-
word break point
-
working point
-
yield point
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Y-point
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zero point -
8 gas
1) газ
2) бензораздаточный
3) газировать
4) газовать
5) газовый
6) газокислородный
7) газолиновый
8) бензин
9) газообразный
– adsorbed gas
– air-blast gas
– ammonia gas
– ammonia gas maser
– approved gas detector
– artificial gas
– balloon gas bag
– blast gas
– blast-furnace gas
– bottle gas
– buffer gas
– carburetted gas
– carburizing gas
– carrier gas
– casing-head gas
– chemical gas generator
– chlorine gas
– clean gas
– coal gas
– coke-oven gas
– compressed gas
– condensed gas deposit
– converter gas
– corrosive gas
– cupola gas
– cutting gas
– cyclone gas cleaning
– degenerate gas
– dehydration of gas
– densimetric gas analyzer
– diatomic gas molecule
– dilute gas
– discharge gas
– disorienting gas
– distribution of gas
– downtake gas duct
– driver gas
– dry gas cleaning
– drying gas
– dust-laden gas
– electron gas
– electronegative gas
– entrapped gas
– evolve gas
– evolved gas
– exhaust gas
– explosive gas
– flare gas
– flue gas
– flue gas analyzer
– flue gas path
– fluidized-bed gas producer
– fluidizing gas
– free gas
– free-piston gas generator
– froth gas cleaning
– fuel gas
– fume-laden gas
– gas amplification
– gas amplification factor
– gas anchor
– gas balance
– gas barrier
– gas bleeder
– gas blower
– gas calorimeter
– gas carburizing
– gas cell
– gas cleaning
– gas cleaning by filtration
– gas coal
– gas coke
– gas conduit
– gas constant
– gas content
– gas cooker
– gas cooler
– gas corrosion
– gas current
– gas cutting
– gas cylinder
– gas discharge
– gas discharge laser
– gas dynamics
– gas emission source
– gas equipment
– gas factor
– gas field
– gas flowmeter
– gas flue
– gas fuel
– gas hardener
– gas heated evaporator
– gas heating
– gas holder
– gas hole
– gas industry
– gas is adsorbed by charcoal
– gas laser
– gas law
– gas leak to atmosphere
– gas line
– gas liquor
– gas logging
– gas main
– gas meter
– gas microanalyser
– gas misalignment
– gas mixer
– gas nest
– gas oil
– gas outburst
– gas outlet
– gas phase
– gas pickling
– gas pipeline
– gas plasma display
– gas pocket
– gas pressure regulator
– gas production
– gas pump
– gas purifier
– gas purifying mass
– gas rock
– gas saturation
– gas scrubber
– gas scrubbing
– gas seal
– gas sintering
– gas space
– gas spanner
– gas supply
– gas survey
– gas synthesis
– gas tank
– gas target
– gas tongs
– gas tube
– gas turbine
– gas turbine jet engine
– gas vulcanization
– gas washer
– gas welding
– gas works
– gas yield factor
– hearth gas
– high-pressure gas burner
– high-pressure gas container
– hydraulic gas dynamics
– hypersonic gas dynamics
– ideal gas
– ideal gas law
– illuminating gas
– imperfect gas
– indoor gas line
– inert gas arc welding
– inert gas introduction
– insulating gas
– interferometric gas analyzer
– introduction of gas in metal
– kiln gas
– l.p. gas
– laughing gas
– lean gas
– lighter-than-air gas
– liquefied gas
– liquify gas
– local gas line
– magnetic gas analyzer
– magnetoionic gas
– magnetomechanical gas analyzer
– marsh gas
– mine gas
– mixed gas
– monatomic gas
– natural gas
– natural-pressure gas lift
– noble gas
– noncorrosive gas
– nondegenerate gas
– nondisorienting gas
– noxious gas
– occluded gas
– oil gas
– oil-well gas
– optical-acoustic gas analyzer
– oxygen gas
– oxygen-converter gas
– peat gas
– permanent gas
– phreatic gas
– plasma-forming gas
– poison gas
– poor gas
– power gas
– pressure gas welding
– process gas
– producer gas
– pumped gas
– rare gas
– rarefied gas
– raw gas
– raw natural gas
– real gas
– recycle gas
– reducing gas
– relaxing gas
– residual gas
– residue gas
– rich gas
– roaster gas
– RX gas
– scrub gas
– secondary gas
– separation of gas mixtures
– sewage gas
– sewer gas
– shielding gas
– solid gas
– solid-propellant gas generator
– stagnated gas
– steam and gas
– sudden gas outburst
– swamp gas
– tail gas
– thermochemical gas analyzer
– thermomagnetic gas analyzer
– to gas
– top gas pressure
– town gas
– toxic gas
– triatomic gas
– tromp gas
– tropospheric gas
– tuyere gas
– two-stage gas turbine
– valve gas
– volumetric gas analyzer
– waste gas
– waste gas flue
– waste gas heating
– water gas
– wet gas
aerodynamics of rarefied gas — аэродинамика разреженных газов
gas and steam turbine installation — <engin.> установка турбинная газо-паровая
gas plasma display element — <comput.> трубка газонаполненная
liquid petroleum gas — <energ.> газ жидкий
nondisorienting buffer gas — неразориентирующий буферный газ
Petroleum and Gas Extracting Administration — <energ.> Нефтегазодобывающее управление
radioactive noble gas — <phys.> газ благородный радиоактивный
suspension of matter in gas — <energ.> газовзвесь, газовзвеси
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9 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
[br]b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, Englandd. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England[br]English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.[br]At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.Bibliography2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).Further ReadingM.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEEElectronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).GWBiographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
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